[원문] The possible origins of 2019-nCoV coronavirus (신종 코로나바이러스의 가능한 기원)
화난수산물시장에서 단 280m 떨어진 우한질병통제 센터(WHCDC)로부터 신종 코로나 바이러스가 유출되었다고 추정한 논문이 발표되었고, 전세계 언론으로 전파되고, 몇 시간 만에 삭제된 모양입니다. 원문을 확인 하실 수 있도록 올려놓습니다. 우선 읽어보시죠.
The possible origins of 2019-nCoV coronavirus
Botao Xiao1,2* and Lei Xiao3
1 Joint International Research Laboratory of Synthetic Biology and Medicine, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
2 School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
3 Tian You Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430064, China
Corresponding author: xiaob@scut.edu.cn
Tel / Fax: 86-20-3938-0631
The 2019-nCoV coronavirus has caused an epidemic of 28,060 laboratory-confirmed infections in human including 564 deaths in China by February 6, 2020. Two descriptions of the virus published on Nature this week indicated that the genome sequences from patients were 96% or 89% identical to the Bat CoV ZC45 coronavirus originally found in Rhinolophus affinis 1,2. It was critical to study where the pathogen came from and how it passed onto human.
An article published on The Lancet reported that 41 people in Wuhan were found to have the acute respiratory syndrome and 27 of them had contact with Huanan Seafood Market 3. The 2019-nCoV was found in 33 out of 585 samples collected in the market after the outbreak. The market was suspected to be the origin of the epidemic, and was shut down according to the rule of quarantine the source during an epidemic.
The bats carrying CoV ZC45 were originally found in Yunnan or Zhejiang province, both of which were more than 900 kilometers away from the seafood market. Bats were normally found to live in caves and trees. But the seafood market is in a densely-populated district of Wuhan, a metropolitan of ~15 million people. The probability was very low for the bats to fly to the market. According to municipal reports and the testimonies of 31 residents and 28 visitors, the bat was never a food source in the city, and no bat was traded in the market. There was possible natural recombination or intermediate host of the coronavirus, yet little proof has been reported.
Was there any other possible pathway? We screened the area around the seafood market and identified two laboratories conducting research on bat coronavirus. Within ~280 meters from the market, there was the Wuhan Center for Disease Control & Prevention (WHCDC) (Figure 1, from Baidu and Google maps).
WHCDC hosted animals in laboratories for research purpose, one of which was specialized in pathogens collection and identification 4- 6. In one of their studies, 155 bats including Rhinolophus affinis were captured in Hubei province, and other 450 bats were captured in Zhejiang province 4. The expert in collection was noted in the Author Contributions (JHT). Moreover, he was broadcasted for collecting viruses on nation-wide newspapers and websites in 2017 and 2019 7,8. He described that he was once attacked by bats and the blood of a bat shot on his skin. He knew the extreme danger of the infection so he quarantined himself for 14 days 7. In another accident, he quarantined himself again because bats peed on him. He was once thrilled for capturing a bat carrying a live tick8.
Surgery was performed on the caged animals and the tissue samples were collected for DNA and RNA extraction and sequencing 4, 5. The tissue samples and contaminated trashes were source of pathogens. They were only ~280 meters from the seafood market. The WHCDC was also adjacent to the Union Hospital (Figure 1, bottom) where the first group of doctors were infected during this epidemic. It is plausible that the virus leaked around and some of them contaminated the initial patients in this epidemic, though solid proofs are needed in future study.
The second laboratory was ~12 kilometers from the seafood market and belonged to Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences 1, 9, 10. This laboratory reported that the Chinese horseshoe bats were natural reservoirs for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) which caused the 2002-3 pandemic 9. The principle investigator participated in a project which generated a chimeric virus using the SARS-CoV reverse genetics system, and reported the potential for human emergence 10. A direct speculation was that SARS-CoV or its derivative might leak from the laboratory.
In summary, somebody was entangled with the evolution of 2019-nCoV coronavirus. In addition to origins of natural recombination and intermediate host, the killer coronavirus probably originated from a laboratory in Wuhan. Safety level may need to be reinforced in high risk biohazardous laboratories. Regulations may be taken to relocate these laboratories far away from city center and other densely populated places.
Acknowledgements
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11772133, 11372116).
Declaration of interests
All authors declare no competing interests.
References
1. Zhou P, Yang X-L, Wang X-G, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature 2020. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7.
2. Wu F, Zhao S, Yu B, et al. A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature 2020. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2008-3.
3. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140- 6736(20)30183-5.
4. Guo WP, Lin XD, Wang W, et al. Phylogeny and origins of hantaviruses harbored by bats, insectivores, and rodents. PLoS pathogens 2013; 9(2): e1003159.
5. Lu M, Tian JH, Yu B, Guo WP, Holmes EC, Zhang YZ. Extensive diversity of rickettsiales bacteria in ticks from Wuhan, China. Ticks and tick-borne diseases 2017; 8(4): 574-80.
6. Shi M, Lin XD, Chen X, et al. The evolutionary history of vertebrate RNA viruses. Nature 2018; 556(7700): 197-202.
7. Tao P. Expert in Wuhan collected ten thousands animals: capture bats in mountain at night. Changjiang Times 2017.
8. Li QX, Zhanyao. Playing with elephant dung, fishing for sea bottom mud: the work that will change China's future. thepaper 2019.
9. Ge XY, Li JL, Yang XL, et al. Isolation and characterization of a bat SARS-like coronavirus that uses the ACE2 receptor. Nature 2013; 503(7477): 535-8.
10. Menachery VD, Yount BL, Jr., Debbink K, et al. A SARS-like cluster of circulating bat coronaviruses shows potential for human emergence. Nature medicine 2015; 21(12): 1508-13.
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상기 논문의 원문 게시 링크는
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339070128_The_possible_origins_of_2019-nCoV_coronavirus
입니다. 현재는 삭제되었으며 researchgate 내부 검색도 되지 않습니다.
게다가 단순히 기술적인 게시 취소라고 보기는 어려운 부분이, 저자 계정까지 같이 삭제된 듯 합니다. 사이트 검색에서 저자 이름으로 검색되지 않으며, researchgate 사이트 내에서 상호 참조하는 게시물들의 (게시 시간을 볼 때, 단 몇 시간 전까지도 살아있었으리라 추측되는) 저자 링크가 현재는 비활성화 된 상태입니다.
p.s. 이와 관련해서 중국에서 어제 다음과 같은 발표가 있었는데, 좀 의미심장합니다.
https://www.jiemian.com/article/3988793.html
科技部:加强新冠病毒高等级病毒微生物实验室生物安全管理
2020/02/15 17:12收藏(13) 浏览 36.3w字体:宋
科技部社会发展科技司司长吴远彬在今天的国务院联防联控新闻发布会上介绍,为加强规范管理和服务,高效有序推进全国应急科技攻关,科技部出台了《关于加强新冠病毒高等级病毒微生物实验室生物安全管理的指导意见》。同时,各主管部门也强调要加强对实验室,特别是对病毒的管理,确保生物安全。
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中国国家主席习近平2月14日在中央全面深化改革委员会的会议上讲话时特别提到了加速推动生物安全立法,并将生物安全纳入国安体系。中国科技部近日推出《关于加强新冠病毒高等级病毒微生物实验室生物安全管理的指导意见》,各部门也强调要加强对实验室,特别是对病毒的管理,确保生物安全。
据东森新闻今天报道说,中国科技部推“实验室管理意见”,强调“加强病毒管理”确保生物安全。据中国科技部社会发展科技司司长吴远彬15日在记者会上指出,推出《关于加强新冠病毒高等级病毒微生物实验室生物安全管理的指导意见》,主要是为了加强规范管理和服务,高效有序推进全国应急科技攻关,条文中要求实验室发挥平台作用,服务科技攻关需求。
주목할 부분은 "关于加强新冠病毒高等级病毒微生物实验室生物安全管理的指导意见" 인데요.
"신종 코로나 바이러스의 고위등급 바이러스 미생물 실험실의 생물 안전 관리 강화에 관한 지침"
정도가 되며, 과기부 명의로 발표되었습니다.
2020/02/15 17:12 즐겨찾기(13) 브라우저 36.3w 글꼴:송
과기부 오원빈 사회발전과기국장은 오늘 국무원에서 연합하여 뉴스를 통제한다.발표회에서는, 규범 관리·서비스를 강화하기 위해서, 전국의 응급 과학 기술 공격·과기부출을 효율적으로 질서 있게 추진한다고 소개하고 있다.'신관바이러스 고등급 바이러스 미생물 실험실의 생물안전관리 강화에 관한 지도의견'을 작성하였다.아울러 각 주무부처도 실험실, 특히 바이러스에 대한 관리를 강화해 생물안전을 확보해야 한다고 강조했다.
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시진핑(習近平) 중국 국가주석은 14일 중앙심화개혁위원회 회의에서 생물안전 입법의 가속화와 함께 생물안전의 국안(國安)체제 편입을 특별히 언급했다.중국 과학기술부는 최근 '신관바이러스 고등급 바이러스 미생물 실험실의 생물안전관리 강화에 관한 지도의견'을 발표했고, 각 부처도 실험실, 특히 바이러스 관리를 강화해 생물안전을 확보해야 한다고 강조했다.
중국 과기부는 '실험실 관리 의견'을 내세워 '바이러스 관리 강화'를 강조하며 생물 안전 확보에 나섰다고 도쿄신문이 오늘 보도했다.중국 과학기술부 오원빈 사회발전과기국장은 15일 기자회견에서 '신관 바이러스 고등급 바이러스 미생물 실험실의 생물안전관리 강화에 관한 지도의견'을 내놓은 것은 규범 관리와 서비스를 강화하고, 전국의 응급과기를 효율적으로 추진하기 위한 것이라고 밝혔다.관, 조문에서는 실험실이 플랫폼 역할을 하도록 하고, 서비스 과학 기술은 수요를 공략한다.
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